Behind the Name Borobudur
Borobudur Temple holds mysteries that raise questions for those who see it. Researchers, archaeologists, and visitors alike are drawn deeper into the mysteries and questions it holds as they climb this monument.
One simple question that remains unanswered to this day is whether Borobudur is the actual name. It appears that it is, but there is no solid evidence to support this claim.
Many attempts have been made to investigate this question, but no single interpretation has been proven. So far, the only way to determine the true name of Borobudur is by looking at the two parts that make up its name: Boro and Budur. This theory was pioneered by Poerbatjaraka. He proposed that "boro" could be interpreted as a monastery, which today would be considered a vihara (vihara). Meanwhile, "budur" itself is the name of a place. Thus, Borobudur can be interpreted as "Vihara in Budur."
A few remains of a monastery were discovered in 1952 during excavations in the western courtyard of Borobudur. An ancient manuscript, the Nagarakrtagama, from 1365, contained the name Budur. In the manuscript, Budur is a sacred place in Mahayana Buddhism.
Another approach was proposed by de Casparis, who successfully described an obsolete portion of a stone plaque discovered in 842. Through text reconstruction, he read the portion of the stone as "bhumisambharabhudura," meaning "Mountain of Virtue of the Ten Stages of Bodhisattva." The word "Bharabhudura" was taken and changed to Borobudur. The change was a simplification caused by the pronunciation of the Lisak language. On the other hand, the first part of the word sounds similar to "Bumisegoro," which is the name of a village south of Borobudur.
It's interesting to note that before this word was discovered, another word was discovered, namely "kamulan." This word means "Ancestral Sanctuary." Therefore, the connection between Borobudur and temples for ancestor worship is clear.
Another simple but difficult question to answer is: how long was Borobudur Temple actively used? When did it cease to function as a monument glorifying the ruling dynasty, or as a center for Buddhist pilgrimage?
The general assumption is that the temple fell into disuse with the conversion to Islam in the fifteenth century. Borobudur may have been abandoned when the center of political and cultural activity moved to East Java in the 10th century.
